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What Is Level 3 on the Autism Spectrum

Written By Tuesday, November 23, 2021 Add Comment Edit

. 2019 Sep;32(3):139-163.

doi: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000201.

Psychoeducational Interventions for Adults With Level 3 Autism Spectrum Disorder: A 50-Year Systematic Review

Affiliations

  • PMID: 31517698
  • PMCID: PMC6749978
  • DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000201

Free PMC article

Psychoeducational Interventions for Adults With Level 3 Autism Spectrum Disorder: A 50-Year Systematic Review

Katie S Davis  et al. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2019 Sep .

Free PMC article

Abstract

There is face validity to the expectation that adults with level 3 autism spectrum disorder (ASD-3) will benefit from a range of psychoeducational interventions. This paper reviews the empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of these interventions, many of which are currently used in clinical settings. We reviewed 56 peer-reviewed studies of psychoeducational interventions for adults with ASD-3, written in English and since 1968, that met our criteria. The reviewing team included educators, clinicians, researchers, and a biostatistician. The available literature was limited, and most, if not all, of the studies presented some significant methodological limitations. When using Cochrane's criteria to assess seven key outcome domains-activities of daily living, aggressive/destructive behaviors, emotional functioning, language/communication skills, self-injurious behaviors, stereotypy/mannerisms, and vocational skills-we found only moderately reliable evidence to support the effectiveness of interventions designed to improve emotional functioning in adults with ASD-3. The reliability of evidence relevant to the six other outcome domains was rated as low or very low. Based on this review, we suggest directions for future study of interventions for adults with ASD-3, including topics, subpopulations, and approaches that should be explored. We also propose some crucial changes in how future studies regarding this population should be designed, analyzed, and documented, while balancing clinical considerations with scientific/educational utility.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Flow diagram of our literature search. ASD–3=level 3 autism spectrum disorder.

FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Risk of bias graph: Review authors' judgments about each risk-of-bias item presented as percentages across the 56 studies.

FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Risk of bias summary: Review authors' judgments about each risk-of-bias item for each included study. +=high risk. −=low risk. ?=unclear risk.

FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4

Bias ratio by publication date: Ratio of bias domains judged to have high risk plotted against publication date.

FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5

Forest plot of comparison: Pre- versus postintervention scores, effect sizes (ie, standardized mean differences).

FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6

Checklist for future studies.

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What Is Level 3 on the Autism Spectrum

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31517698/

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